ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo. Reconstruir las teorías subjetivas de profesionales en trabajo social y psicología sobre la disciplina parental. Método. Es una investigación cualitativa con diseño descriptivo. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales a siete profesionales en trabajo social y siete en psicología de la cuarta región de Chile. El análisis de datos utilizó codificaciones mediante el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados. Se demostró que los consejos de disciplina parental se conforman por la formación profesional de pre y posgrado, la experiencia laboral en programas con familias y elementos personales relacionados con historia de vida y parentalidad. Es así que los consejos se basan principalmente en teorías subjetivas y profesionales que se relacionan con teorías formales. Se observan diferencias en los consejos que entregan ambas profesiones.
Abstract Objective. To reconstruct the subjective theories of social workers and psychologists regarding parental discipline. Method. The following research is qualitative, and it was carried out through a descriptive type of design. Individual interviews were conducted to seven social workers and seven psychologists from the fourth region of Chile. The analysis of the collected data was performed through the grounded theory using encodings from the ATLAS.ti. software. Results. It is shown that the pieces of advice regarding parental discipline are strongly influenced by the professional training, the working experience, and some personal elements and conceptions of the interviewed professionals. Some differences are observed regarding the pieces of advice provided from both professional perspectives.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Psychology , Social Work , Family Relations/psychology , Personal Satisfaction , ChileABSTRACT
Abstract The role of people's beliefs in their perception of disasters has been scarcely studied. This study, we analyzed how people who experienced an earthquake and a subsequent tsunami employ subjective theories (ST) to explain their traumatic experience. This study aimed to interpret the explanations developed by a group of people about the earthquake and tsunami that took place in Chile in 2015. Thirteen episodic interviews were conducted as part of a qualitative case study. The participants' theories were grouped into four categories: the impact of personality on one's reaction to hardships; the existence of a link between personality and coping styles; the limited influence of personality on one's way of coping with difficulties; and changes in personality after experiencing hardships. These findings are discussed analyzing whether the participants' explanations could foster personal growth and psychological well-being after the catastrophe.
Resumen El rol de las creencias en la experiencia del desastre ha sido poco investigado. En este estudio se analizó cómo personas que experimentaron un terremoto y posterior tsunami, utilizan teorías subjetivas (TS) para explicar la experiencia traumática. El propósito de este estudio fue interpretar las explicaciones que algunas personas elaboraron respecto al terremoto y tsunami vivido en la zona norte de Chile el año 2015. Se realizaron trece entrevistas episódicas, en el marco de un estudio de caso con metodología cualitativa. Como hallazgos interesantes de las teorías surgen cuatro categorías: implicancias de la personalidad en la reacción ante dificultades; existencia de relación entre personalidad y estilo de afrontamiento; poca importancia de la personalidad al momento de afrontar dificultades, y cambio en la personalidad luego de experimentar una dificultad. Estos hallazgos se discuten analizando si estas explicaciones podrían favorecer -o no- el crecimiento y bienestar psicológico posterior a la catástrofe.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir e interpretar las TS de la convivencia escolar, de un grupo de padres y madres de una escuela de educación primaria chilena. Se utilizó un muestreo teórico y se aplicaron grupos de discusión y entrevistas episódicas a 16 padres y madres de una escuela de educación primaria. Los datos se analizaron mediante la técnica de la teoría fundamentada, encontrando (a) teorías subjetivas simples, pero que disponen a los padres a educar a sus hijos en convivencia; (b) factores asociados a la CE y propuestas para su mejora, (c) además de un rol parental educativo que se organiza en tres niveles para enseñar a sus hijos a convivir en la escuela. En la discusión se analiza la implicancia de estas teorías subjetivas en la convivencia escolar y el rol parental.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas (TS) da convivência escolar (CE), de um grupo de pais e mães de uma escola de educação primária chilena. Uma amostragem teórica foi utilizada e se aplicaram grupos de discussão e entrevistas episódicas em 16 pais e mães de uma escola de educação primária. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica da teoria fundamentada (Grounded Theory), encontrando: (a) teorias subjetivas simples, mas que proporcionam aos pais educar seus filhos na convivência; (b) fatores associados à CE e propostas de melhoria; (c) além de um papel educativo dos pais que se organiza em três níveis para ensinar seus filhos a conviver na escola. Na discussão é analisada a implicação das teorias subjetivas na convivência escolar e no papel parental.
The aim of this work was to describe and to interpret subjective theories about school coexistence in a group of parents from a Chilean primary school. A theoretical sample was used, group discussions and episodic interviews were conducted to 16 parents from a primary school. Data was analyzed through grounded theory, finding (a) simple subjective theories lead parents to raise their children on an environment-based approach; (b) associated factors with school coexistence environment and emerging proposals to improve them; (c) as well as a schooling parental role that it organizes around three levels of climate schooling teaching. In the discussion section, we analyze implications of these subjective theories into schooling environment and parental role.
Subject(s)
Humans , Parents , Sampling Studies , Education, Primary and Secondary , MothersABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review on psychological behavior in the context of pandemic scenarios during the twenty-first century. We focused on empirical works and brief case reports of H1N1 flu and COVID-19. Our review included 32 papers published both in English or Spanish. We built a set of tables that allowed us to classify the information in four main categories, namely the psychological impact of the pandemic, whether people follow or not official measures to protect themselves against the pandemic, psychological adherence considerations implied as mediators to respect official strategies, and relevant methodological characteristics of the pandemic research. Results show that there are significant impacts on the psychological behavior of people, social groups and organizations in several dimensions, namely emotion, cognition, behavior, mental health, organization and psychosocial factors. In addition, we found that certain social groups experienced a critical psychosocial impact likely due to the pandemic. Psychosocial factors affecting adherence were also identified, which allow us to better understand how health strategies are followed by the population. Different psychosocial suggestions, which emerged from the papers reviewed, were systematized and should be considered as possible pandemic strategies to be implemented.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Behavior , Influenza, Human/psychology , Pandemics , COVID-19/psychology , Mental Health , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeABSTRACT
La inserción laboral de las personas con ceguera ha sido investigada, pero no existen trabajos que indaguen sobre lo que piensan y conocen los docentes que forman a estas personas y sobre las dificultades de sus estudiantes para insertarse laboralmente después de su educación. El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa fue comprender las teorías subjetivas de seis docentes de un establecimiento educacional de La Serena, Chile. El método de recolección de datos utilizado fue la entrevista en profundidad y el estudio de los datos se realizó a través de los procedimientos de codificación de la grounded theory y el análisis del contenido de las teorías subjetivas. Se encontró, como principal resultado que, para los participantes la educación inadecuada del ciego es la principal causa de la dificultad para la inserción laboral. Esta investigación puede aportar información valiosa para aquellos encargados de las políticas públicas entorno a la discapacidad visual.
A inserção laboral das pessoas com cegueira foi pesquisada, mas não existem estudos que perguntem sobre o que pensam e conhecem os docentes que formam estas pessoas e sobre as dificuldades de seus estudantes para inserir-se no mercado laboral depois de sua educação. O objetivo desta pesquisa qualitativa foi compreender as teorias subjetivas de seis docentes de um estabelecimento educacional de La Serena, Chile. O método da coleta de dados utilizado foi a entrevista em profundidade e o estudo dos dados realizou-se por intermédio dos procedimentos de codificação da grounded theory e a análise do conteúdo das teorias subjetivas. Encontrou-se, como principal resultado, que para os participantes a educação inadequada do cego é a principal causa da dificuldade para a inserção laboral. Esta pesquisa pode aportar informação valiosa para aqueles encarregados das políticas públicas entorno à incapacidade visual.
Even though research has been conducted on the employment integration at blind people, studies have failed to consider what teachers think and know about their blind students' difficulties entering the workforce after completing their education. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the subjective theories of six teachers from a school in La Serena, Chile. In-depth interviews were used to collect data, which were subsequently studied using grounded theory coding procedures and subjective theory content analysis. The main finding of this study was that participants regarded the inadequate education of blind people as the key reason for their employment difficulties. This study can provide valuable information for policymakers focusing on visual impairment.